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Although the prevalence of  Bordetella parapertussis  varies dramatically among studies in different populations with different vaccination regimens, there is broad agreement that whooping cough vaccines, composed only of  B. pertussis  antigens, provide little if any protection against  B. parapertussis . In C57BL/6 mice, a  B. pertussis  whole-cell vaccine (wP) provided modest protection against  B. parapertussis , which was dependent on IFN-γ. The wP was much more protective against an isogenic  B. parapertussis  strain lacking O-antigen than its wild-type counterpart. O-antigen inhibited binding of wP–induced antibodies to  B. parapertussis , as well as antibody-mediated opsonophagocytosis  in vitro  and clearance  in vivo . aP–induced antibodies also bound better  in vitro  to the O-antigen mutant than to wild-type  B. parapertussis , but aP failed to confer protection against wild-type or O antigen–deficient  B. parapertussis  in mice. Interestingly,  B. parapertussis –specific antibodies provided in addition to either wP or aP were sufficient to very rapidly reduce  B. parapertussis  numbers in mouse lungs. This study identifies a mechanism by which one pathogen escapes immunity induced by vaccination against a closely related pathogen and may explain why  B. parapertussis  prevalence varies substantially between populations with different vaccination strategies.

O Antigen Allows B. parapertussis to Evade B. pertussis Vaccine–Induced Immunity by Blocking Binding and Functions of Cross-Reactive Antibodies