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Background  Duchenne muscular dystrophy ( DMD ) is caused by deficient expression of the cytoskeletal protein, dystrophin. One third of  DMD  patients also have mental retardation (MR), likely due to mutations preventing expression of dystrophin and other brain products of the  DMD  gene expressed from distinct internal promoters. Loss of Dp71, the major  DMD -gene product in brain, is thought to contribute to the severity of MR; however, the specific function of Dp71 is poorly understood.    Methodology/Principal Findings  Complementary approaches were used to explore the role of Dp71 in neuronal function and identify mechanisms by which Dp71 loss may impair neuronal and cognitive functions. Besides the normal expression of Dp71 in a subpopulation of astrocytes, we found that a pool of Dp71 colocalizes with synaptic proteins in cultured neurons and is expressed in synaptic subcellular fractions in adult brains. We report that Dp71-associated protein complexes interact with specialized modular scaffolds of proteins that cluster glutamate receptors and organize signaling in postsynaptic densities. We then undertook the first functional examination of the brain and cognitive alterations in the Dp71-null mice. We found that these mice display abnormal synapse organization and maturation  in vitro , altered synapse density in the adult brain, enhanced glutamatergic transmission and reduced synaptic plasticity in CA1 hippocampus. Dp71-null mice show selective behavioral disturbances characterized by reduced exploratory and novelty-seeking behavior, mild retention deficits in inhibitory avoidance, and impairments in spatial learning and memory.    Conclusions/Significance  Results suggest that Dp71 expression in neurons play a regulatory role in glutamatergic synapse organization and function, which provides a new mechanism by which inactivation of Dp71 in association with that of other  DMD -gene products may lead to increased severity of MR.

Role of Mental Retardation-Associated Dystrophin-Gene Product Dp71 in Excitatory Synapse Organization, Synaptic Plasticity and Behavioral Functions