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Background  Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a human retrovirus associated with both HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), which is a chronic neuroinflammatory disease, and adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). The pathogenesis of HAM/TSP is known to be as follows: HTLV-1-infected T cells trigger a hyperimmune response leading to neuroinflammation. However, the HTLV-1-infected T cell subset that plays a major role in the accelerated immune response has not yet been identified.    Principal Findings  Here, we demonstrate that CD4 + CD25 + CCR4 +  T cells are the predominant viral reservoir, and their levels are increased in HAM/TSP patients. While CCR4 is known to be selectively expressed on T helper type 2 (Th2), Th17, and regulatory T (Treg) cells in healthy individuals, we demonstrate that IFN-γ production is extraordinarily increased and IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, and Foxp3 expression is decreased in the CD4 + CD25 + CCR4 +  T cells of HAM/TSP patients as compared to those in healthy individuals, and the alteration in function is specific to this cell subtype. Notably, the frequency of IFN-γ-producing CD4 + CD25 + CCR4 + Foxp3 −  T cells is dramatically increased in HAM/TSP patients, and this was found to be correlated with disease activity and severity.    Conclusions  We have defined a unique T cell subset—IFN-γ + CCR4 + CD4 + CD25 +  T cells—that is abnormally increased and functionally altered in this retrovirus-associated inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system.

Abnormally High Levels of Virus-Infected IFN-γ+CCR4+CD4+CD25+ T Cells in a Retrovirus-Associated Neuroinflammatory Disorder