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Spiroplasma  is widespread as a heritable bacterial symbiont in insects and some other invertebrates, in which it sometimes acts as a male-killer and causes female-biased sex ratios in hosts. Besides  Wolbachia,  it is the only heritable bacterium known from  Drosophila , having been found in 16 of over 200  Drosophila  species screened, based on samples of one or few individuals per species. To assess the extent to which  Spiroplasma  infection varies within and among species of  Drosophila , intensive sampling consisting of 50–281 individuals per species was conducted for natural populations of 19  Drosophila  species. Infection rates varied among species and among populations of the same species, and 12 of 19 species tested negative for all individuals.  Spiroplasma  infection never was fixed, and the highest infection rates were 60% in certain populations of  D. hydei  and 85% in certain populations of  D. mojavensis . In infected species, infection rates were similar for males and females, indicating that these  Spiroplasma  infections do not confer a strong male-killing effect. These findings suggest that  Spiroplasma  has other effects on hosts that allow it to persist, and that environmental or host variation affects transmission or persistence leading to differences among populations in infection frequencies.

Variable Incidence of Spiroplasma Infections in Natural Populations of Drosophila Species