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Since the 1970's, the diversity of  Plasmodium  parasites in African great apes has been neglected. Surprisingly,  P. reichenowi , a chimpanzee parasite, is the only such parasite to have been molecularly characterized. This parasite is closely phylogenetically related to  P. falciparum , the principal cause of the greatest malaria burden in humans. Studies of malaria parasites from anthropoid primates may provide relevant phylogenetic information, improving our understanding of the origin and evolutionary history of human malaria species. In this study, we screened 130 DNA samples from chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) and gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla ) from Cameroon for  Plasmodium  infection, using  cytochrome b  molecular tools. Two chimpanzees from the subspecies  Pan t .  troglodytes  presented single infections with  Plasmodium  strains molecularly related to the human malaria parasite  P. ovale . These chimpanzee parasites and 13 human strains of  P. ovale  originated from a various sites in Africa and Asia were characterized using  cytochrome b  and  cytochrome c oxidase 1  mitochondrial partial genes and nuclear  ldh  partial gene. Consistent with previous findings, two genetically distinct types of  P. ovale , classical and variant, were observed in the human population from a variety of geographical locations. One chimpanzee  Plasmodium  strain was genetically identical, on all three markers tested, to variant  P. ovale  type. The other chimpanzee  Plasmodium  strain was different from  P. ovale  strains isolated from humans. This study provides the first evidence of possibility of natural cross-species exchange of  P. ovale  between humans and chimpanzees of the subspecies  Pan t. troglodytes .

Chimpanzee Malaria Parasites Related to Plasmodium ovale in Africa