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Background  The intracellular protozoan parasite  Theileria parva  transforms bovine lymphocytes inducing uncontrolled proliferation. Proteins released from the parasite are assumed to contribute to phenotypic changes of the host cell and parasite persistence. With 85 members, genes encoding  s ubtelomeric  v ariable  s ecreted  p roteins ( SVSP s) form the largest gene family in  T. parva . The majority of  SVSP s contain predicted signal peptides, suggesting secretion into the host cell cytoplasm.    Methodology/Principal Findings  We analysed  SVSP  expression in  T. parva -transformed cell lines established  in vitro  by infection of T or B lymphocytes with cloned  T. parva  parasites. Microarray and quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed mRNA expression for a wide range of  SVSP  genes. The pattern of mRNA expression was largely defined by the parasite genotype and not by host background or cell type, and found to be relatively stable  in vitro  over a period of two months. Interestingly, immunofluorescence analysis carried out on cell lines established from a cloned parasite showed that expression of a single SVSP encoded by  TP03_0882  is limited to only a small percentage of parasites. Epitope-tagged  TP03_0882  expressed in mammalian cells was found to translocate into the nucleus, a process that could be attributed to two different nuclear localisation signals.    Conclusions  Our analysis reveals a complex pattern of  Theileria SVSP  mRNA expression, which depends on the parasite genotype. Whereas in cell lines established from a cloned parasite transcripts can be found corresponding to a wide range of  SVSP  genes, only a minority of parasites appear to express a particular  SVSP  protein. The fact that a number of SVSPs contain functional nuclear localisation signals suggests that proteins released from the parasite could contribute to phenotypic changes of the host cell. This initial characterisation will facilitate future studies on the regulation of  SVSP  gene expression and the potential biological role of these enigmatic proteins.

Expression Analysis of the Theileria parva Subtelomere-Encoded Variable Secreted Protein Gene Family