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Background    Spalax  (blind subterranean mole rat), is a mammal adapted to live in fluctuating oxygen levels, and can survive severe hypoxia and hypercapnia. The adaptive evolution of  Spalax  to underground life resulted in structural and molecular-genetic differences comparing to above-ground mammals. These differences include higher myocardial maximal oxygen consumption, increased lung diffusion capacity, increased blood vessels density, and unique expression patterns of cancer and angiogenesis related genes such as heparanase, vascular endothelial growth factor, and P53.    Methodology/Principal Findings  Here we elucidate the main characteristics of  Spalax  lipid profile, as well as its main antioxidant and serum parameters. Compared to human,  Spalax  possesses lower total-cholesterol, low density lipoproteins (LDL) and triglycerides levels, and higher levels of high density lipoproteins (HDL). Apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein B-100 were significantly lower in  Spalax  compared to human. Paraoxonase (PON) 1 arylesterase activity, was higher in  Spalax  compared to both human and mouse serum levels. Analysis of serum chemistry of  Spalax  revealed special features in this mammal.    Conclusions/Significance    Spalax  possesses a unique lipid profile with high HDL and low LDL lipoproteins. The antioxidant serum content in the mole rat is higher than that of human and mouse. Serum C reactive protein (CRP) levels are significantly lower in  Spalax  compared to that of human or mouse, reflecting low levels of inflammation. These differences between  Spalax , human and mouse are due to several factors including the intensive activity life-style that  Spalax  pursue underground, dietary components, and evolutionary genetic adaptations. Unfolding the genetic basis of these differences will probably result in unique treatments for a variety of human diseases such as dyslipedemias, inflammation and cancer.

Lipid Profile and Serum Characteristics of the Blind Subterranean Mole Rat, Spalax