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Background  Oxidative stress and inflammation are two critical factors that drive the formation of plaques in atherosclerosis. Nrf2 is a redox-sensitive transcription factor that upregulates a battery of antioxidative genes and cytoprotective enzymes that constitute the cellular response to oxidative stress. Our previous studies have shown that disruption of  Nrf2  in mice ( Nrf2   −/− ) causes increased susceptibility to pulmonary emphysema, asthma and sepsis due to increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Here we have tested the hypothesis that disruption of  Nrf2  in mice causes increased atherosclerosis.    Principal Findings  To investigate the role of Nrf2 in the development of atherosclerosis, we crossed  Nrf2   −/−  mice with apoliporotein E-deficient ( ApoE   −/− ) mice.  ApoE   −/−  and  ApoE   −/−   Nrf2   −/−  mice were fed an atherogenic diet for 20 weeks, and plaque area was assessed in the aortas. Surprisingly,  ApoE   −/−   Nrf2   −/−  mice exhibited significantly smaller plaque area than  ApoE   −/−  controls (11.5% vs 29.5%). This decrease in plaque area observed in  ApoE   −/−   Nrf2   −/−  mice was associated with a significant decrease in uptake of modified low density lipoproteins (AcLDL) by isolated macrophages from  ApoE   −/−   Nrf2   −/−  mice. Furthermore, atherosclerotic plaques and isolated macrophages from  ApoE   −/−   Nrf2   −/−  mice exhibited decreased expression of the scavenger receptor CD36.    Conclusions  Nrf2 is pro-atherogenic in mice, despite its antioxidative function. The net pro-atherogenic effect of Nrf2 may be mediated via positive regulation of CD36. Our data demonstrates that the potential effects of Nrf2-targeted therapies on cardiovascular disease need to be investigated.

Disruption of Nrf2, a Key Inducer of Antioxidant Defenses, Attenuates ApoE-Mediated Atherosclerosis in Mice