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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most frequent viral complication in patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. As CMV replication is tightly controlled by the cellular arm of specific immunity, the kinetics of CMV-specific T cells in association with individual reactivation episodes were prospectively analyzed in 40 allogeneic transplant recipients in a routine clinical setting and evaluated as determinant of impaired CMV control. Antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells were quantified directly from whole blood using intracellular cytokine staining after specific stimulation and MHC class I multimers, respectively. Highly dynamic intraindividual changes of CMV-specific CD4 T cells were observed in patients experiencing CMV viremia. Episodes of CMV reactivation were associated with a drop of CMV-specific CD4 T cells that re-increased after viral clearance (p<0.0001). Furthermore, levels of CMV-specific CD4 T cells at the onset of viremia inversely correlated with peak viral load thereafter (p = 0.02). In contrast, CMV-peptide specific CD8 T cells did not show any association with viremia (p = 0.82). Interestingly, therapeutic dosages of cyclosporine A and corticosteroids led to a dose-dependent reduction of CMV-specific T-cell functions, indicating a causal link between intensified immunosuppressive treatment and CMV reactivation. In conclusion, levels of CMV-specific CD4 T cells inversely correlate with reactivation episodes and may represent a valuable measure to individually guide antiviral therapy after stem cell transplantation.

Levels of CMV Specific CD4 T Cells Are Dynamic and Correlate with CMV Viremia after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation