English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Background  We present the first population genetic analysis of homologous loci from two sympatric human malaria parasite populations sharing the same human hosts, using full-length sequences of  ama1  genes from  Plasmodium vivax  and  P. falciparum  collected in the Venezuelan Amazon.    Methodology/Principal Findings  Significant differences between the two species were found in genetic diversity at the  ama1  locus, with 18 distinct haplotypes identified among the 73  Pvama1  sequences obtained, compared to 6 unique haplotypes from 30  Pfama1  sequences, giving overall diversity estimates of  h  = 0.9091, and  h  = 0.538 respectively. Levels of recombination were also found to differ between the species, with  P. falciparum  exhibiting very little recombination across the 1.77kb sequence. In contrast, analysis of patterns of nucleotide substitutions provided evidence that polymorphisms in the  ama1  gene of both species are maintained by balancing selection, particularly in domain I. The two distinct population structures observed are unlikely to result from different selective forces acting upon the two species, which share both human and mosquito hosts in this setting. Rather, the highly structured  P. falciparum  population appears to be the result of a population bottleneck, while the much less structured  P. vivax  population is likely to be derived from an ancient pool of diversity, as reflected in a larger estimate of effective population size for this species. Greatly reduced mosquito transmission in 1997, due to low rainfall prior to the second survey, was associated with far fewer  P. falciparum  infections, but an increase in  P. vivax  infections, probably due to hypnozoite activation.    Conclusions/Significance  The relevance of these findings to putative competitive interactions between these two important human pathogen species is discussed. These results highlight the need for future control interventions to employ strategies targeting each of the parasite species present in endemic areas.

ama1 Genes of Sympatric Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum from Venezuela Differ Significantly in Genetic Diversity and Recombination Frequency