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Dysregulation of intracellular Ca 2+  homeostasis may underlie amyloid β peptide (Aβ) toxicity in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) but the mechanism is unknown. In search for this mechanism we found that Aβ 1–42  oligomers, the assembly state correlating best with cognitive decline in AD, but not Aβ fibrils, induce a massive entry of Ca 2+  in neurons and promote mitochondrial Ca 2+  overload as shown by bioluminescence imaging of targeted aequorin in individual neurons. Aβ oligomers induce also mitochondrial permeability transition, cytochrome c release, apoptosis and cell death. Mitochondrial depolarization prevents mitochondrial Ca 2+  overload, cytochrome c release and cell death. In addition, we found that a series of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including salicylate, sulindac sulfide, indomethacin, ibuprofen and R-flurbiprofen depolarize mitochondria and inhibit mitochondrial Ca 2+  overload, cytochrome c release and cell death induced by Aβ oligomers. Our results indicate that i) mitochondrial Ca 2+  overload underlies the neurotoxicity induced by Aβ oligomers and ii) inhibition of mitochondrial Ca 2+  overload provides a novel mechanism of neuroprotection by NSAIDs against Aβ oligomers and AD.

Mitochondrial Ca2+ Overload Underlies Aβ Oligomers Neurotoxicity Providing an Unexpected Mechanism of Neuroprotection by NSAIDs