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The three subspecies of Spotted Owl (Northern,  Strix occidentalis caurina;  California,  S. o. occidentalis ; and Mexican,  S. o. lucida ) are all threatened by habitat loss and range expansion of the Barred Owl ( S. varia ). An unaddressed threat is whether Barred Owls could be a source of novel strains of disease such as avian malaria ( Plasmodium  spp.) or other blood parasites potentially harmful for Spotted Owls. Although Barred Owls commonly harbor  Plasmodium  infections, these parasites have not been documented in the Spotted Owl. We screened 111 Spotted Owls, 44 Barred Owls, and 387 owls of nine other species for haemosporidian parasites ( Leucocytozoon ,  Plasmodium , and  Haemoproteus  spp.). California Spotted Owls had the greatest number of simultaneous multi-species infections (44%). Additionally, sequencing results revealed that the Northern and California Spotted Owl subspecies together had the highest number of  Leucocytozoon  parasite lineages (n = 17) and unique lineages (n = 12). This high level of sequence diversity is significant because only one  Leucocytozoon  species ( L. danilewskyi ) has been accepted as valid among all owls, suggesting that  L. danilewskyi  is a cryptic species. Furthermore, a  Plasmodium  parasite was documented in a Northern Spotted Owl for the first time. West Coast Barred Owls had a lower prevalence of infection (15%) when compared to sympatric Spotted Owls ( S. o. caurina  52%,  S. o. occidentalis  79%) and Barred Owls from the historic range (61%). Consequently, Barred Owls on the West Coast may have a competitive advantage over the potentially immune compromised Spotted Owls.

Blood Parasites in Owls with Conservation Implications for the Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis)