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Background  Intralocus sexual conflict can inhibit the evolution of each sex towards its own fitness optimum. In a previous study, we confirmed this prediction through the experimental removal of female selection pressures in  Drosophila melanogaster , achieved by limiting the expression of all major chromosomes to males. Compared to the control populations (C 1-4 ) where the genomes are exposed to selection in both sexes, the populations with male-limited genomes (ML 1-4 ) showed rapid increases in male fitness, whereas the fitness of females expressing ML-evolved chromosomes decreased  [1] .    Methodology/Principal Findings  Here we examine the behavioural phenotype underlying this sexual antagonism. We show that males expressing the ML genomes have a reduced courtship level but acquire the same number of matings. On the other hand, our data suggest that females expressing the ML genomes had reduced attractiveness, stimulating a lower rate of courtship from males. Moreover, females expressing ML genomes tend to display reduced yeast-feeding behaviour, which is probably linked to the reduction of their fecundity.    Conclusion/Significance  These results suggest that reproductive behaviour is shaped by opposing selection on males and females, and that loci influencing attractiveness and foraging were polymorphic for alleles with sexually antagonistic expression patterns prior to ML selection. Hence, intralocus sexual conflict appears to play a role in the evolution of a wide range of fitness-related traits and may be a powerful mechanism for the maintenance of genetic variation in fitness.

Reproductive Behaviour Evolves Rapidly When Intralocus Sexual Conflict Is Removed