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Bacteria of the genus  Deinococcus  are extremely resistant to ionizing radiation (IR), ultraviolet light (UV) and desiccation. The mesophile  Deinococcus radiodurans  was the first member of this group whose genome was completely sequenced. Analysis of the genome sequence of  D. radiodurans , however, failed to identify unique DNA repair systems. To further delineate the genes underlying the resistance phenotypes, we report the whole-genome sequence of a second  Deinococcus  species, the thermophile  Deinococcus geothermalis , which at its optimal growth temperature is as resistant to IR, UV and desiccation as  D. radiodurans , and a comparative analysis of the two  Deinococcus  genomes. Many  D. radiodurans  genes previously implicated in resistance, but for which no sensitive phenotype was observed upon disruption, are absent in  D. geothermalis . In contrast, most  D. radiodurans  genes whose mutants displayed a radiation-sensitive phenotype in  D. radiodurans  are conserved in  D. geothermalis . Supporting the existence of a  Deinococcus  radiation response regulon, a common palindromic DNA motif was identified in a conserved set of genes associated with resistance, and a dedicated transcriptional regulator was predicted. We present the case that these two species evolved essentially the same diverse set of gene families, and that the extreme stress-resistance phenotypes of the  Deinococcus  lineage emerged progressively by amassing cell-cleaning systems from different sources, but not by acquisition of novel DNA repair systems. Our reconstruction of the genomic evolution of the  Deinococcus-Thermus  phylum indicates that the corresponding set of enzymes proliferated mainly in the common ancestor of  Deinococcus . Results of the comparative analysis weaken the arguments for a role of higher-order chromosome alignment structures in resistance; more clearly define and substantially revise downward the number of uncharacterized genes that might participate in DNA repair and contribute to resistance; and strengthen the case for a role in survival of systems involved in manganese and iron homeostasis.

Deinococcus geothermalis: The Pool of Extreme Radiation Resistance Genes Shrinks