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Most of the  Helicobacter pylori  infections occur in developing countries. The risk factors for  H .  pylori  infections are poverty, overcrowding, and unhygienic conditions, which are common problems in under-privileged countries such as Nepal. Despite having a high risk of  H .  pylori  infections, no national level study has been conducted to assess prevalence and correlates of  H .  pylori  infection in Nepal. Therefore, we hypothesized that micronutrients such as iron, vitamin B12 deficiency, socio-economic status, and nutritional status correlate with the prevalence of  H .  pylori  infection in Nepal.  We studied prevalence and correlates of  H .  pylori  infection among under-five children, adolescents aged 10–19 years and married non-pregnant women aged 20–49 years using data from the Nepal National Micronutrient Status Survey 2016 (NNMSS-2016).  H. pylori  infection was examined in stool of 6–59 months old children and 20–49 years old non-pregnant women whereas the rapid diagnostic kit using blood sample was used among adolescent boys and girls.  Prevalence of  H .  pylori  infection was 18.2% among 6–59 months old children, 14% among adolescent boys and 16% among adolescent girls aged 10–19 years; and 40% among 20–49 years non-pregnant women. Poor socioeconomic status, crowding, and unhygienic condition were found to be positively associated with higher incidence of  H .  pylori  infections. No significant correlation was observed between nutritional and micronutrients status (iron or risk of folate deficiency) with  H .  pylori  infection.  Findings from this study suggest that poverty-associated markers are primary contributors of  H .  pylori  infections in Nepalese communities. To control acquisition and persistence of  H .  pylori  infection in Nepal, we suggest improved management of safe drinking water and implementation of sanitation and hygiene programs, with a focus on those of lower socioeconomic status.

plos neglected tropical diseases

Prevalence and correlates of Helicobacter pylori infection among under-five children, adolescent and non-pregnant women in Nepal: Further analysis of Nepal national micronutrient status survey 2016