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Background  Leptospirosis has gained much attention in Sri Lanka since its large outbreak in 2008. However, most of the cases were clinically diagnosed and information on  Leptospira  genotypes and serotypes currently prevailing in the country is lacking.    Methodology/Principal findings  We retrospectively analyzed 24  Leptospira  strains from human patients as well as isolated and characterized three  Leptospira  strains from black rats using the microscopic agglutination test with antisera for 19 serovars and multilocus sequence typing. The isolates were identified as  Leptospira borgpetersenii  sequence types (STs) 143 and 144;  L .  interrogans  STs 30, 34, 43, 44, 74, 75, 80, 308, 313, 314, 316, and 317; and  L .  kirschneri  ST318. Six of the 15 STs were identified for the first time in this study. Five serogroups such as Autumnalis, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Javanica, and Pyrogenes were detected among the isolates. Contrary to previous studies, various genotypes including novel STs were isolated during an outbreak in Southern Province.  L .  borgpetersenii  serogroup Javanica ST143 was isolated both from a human and black rat.    Conclusions/Significance  This study revealed that genetically diverse  Leptospira  strains currently circulate in Sri Lanka: some genotypes have been circulating and others have emerged recently, which may explain the recent surge of leptospirosis patients with varying clinical manifestations and frequent outbreaks of leptospirosis. Black rats were identified as the source of infection for humans, but reservoir animals for other genotypes remain unknown.

Multilocus sequence typing reveals diverse known and novel genotypes of Leptospira spp. circulating in Sri Lanka