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Background  This paper reports on the baseline prevalence and associated risk factor findings of a pilot, longitudinal study exploring community-wide treatment of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis, using albendazole plus praziquantel in the Greater Accra region of Ghana.    Method  From three communities, at least, 658 individuals were enrolled into the study via random household selection. Prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis and STH infection were determined from stool and urine samples with a questionnaire being administered in order to explore other morbidities and risk factors. Factor analysis of household demographic variables was undertaken to generate a socioeconomic score; this was then further categorised into tertiles. Proportional-odds cumulative logit generalised estimating equation (GEE) models were used to investigate categorical ordinal intensity of infection associations with morbidity. Separately, logistic GEE models were used to investigate risk factor associations with infection prevalence.    Results  Both  Schistosoma haematobium  and  S .  mansoni  were prevalent in the three communities, with the prevalence of  S .  haematobium  ranging from 3.3% (24/679; 95% CI = 1.9–4.7) to 19% (114/632; 95% CI = 15.8–22.2) and  S .  mansoni  ranging from 30% (202/679; 95% CI = 26.5–33.5) to 78.3% (409/536; 95% CI = 74.7–81.9). The total prevalence of STH across all three sites was negligible at 1.3% (24/1847; 95% CI = 0.8–1.9) comprising mainly hookworm (10/1847). Multivariable statistical models indicated males to be 2.3 (95% CI = 1.7–3.3) times more likely to have a high intensity  S .  mansoni  infection and 1.5 (95% CI = 1.1–2) times more likely to have a high intensity of  S .  haematobium  infection compared to females. There was no significant difference in the likelihood of infection with  S .  mansoni  between adults and school age children (SAC), however  S .  haematobium  infections were found to be 2.5 (95% CI = 1.8–3.5) times more likely to occur in school age children than in adults.  Multivariable statistical models (adjusted for age and sex) indicated an association between schistosomiasis and a number of self-reported morbidity indicators (notably diarrhoea and blood in stool and urine). Low socio-economic status was also associated with SCH infection (OR: 2; 95% CI = 1.3–3.2).    Conclusion  The communities targeted by this study showed a range of  Schistosoma  prevalence’s of infection, from hypo-endemic through to meso-endemic and hyper-endemic. The prevalence of SCH across the different age groups in the study locations highlights the large number of individuals currently being left out of the standard morbidity control method of annual treatment of the SAC.

plos neglected tropical diseases

Assessing expanded community wide treatment for schistosomiasis: Baseline infection status and self-reported risk factors in three communities from the Greater Accra region, Ghana