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Bacterial strains isolated from attine ants showed activity against the insect specialized fungal pathogen  Escovopsis  and also against the human protozoan parasite  Leishmania donovani . The bioassay guided fractionation of extracts from cultures of  Streptomyces  sp. ICBG292, isolated from the exoskeleton of  Cyphomyrmex  workers, led to the isolation of Mer-A2026B ( 1 ), piericidin-A 1  ( 2 ) and nigericin ( 3 ). Nigericin ( 3 ) presented high activity against intracellular amastigotes of  L .  donovani  (IC 50  0.129 ± 0.008 μM).  Streptomyces puniceus  ICBG378, isolated from workers of  Acromyrmex rugosus rugosus , produced dinactin ( 4 ) with potent anti- L .  donovani  activity against intracellular amastigotes (IC 50  0.018 ± 0.003 μM). Compounds  3  and  4  showed good selectivity indexes, 88.91 and 656.11 respectively, and were more active than positive control, miltefosine. Compounds  1 – 4  were also active against some  Escovopsis  strains. Compounds  1  and  2  were also produced by  Streptomyces  sp. ICBG233, isolated from workers of  Atta sexdens , and detected in ants’ extracts by mass spectrometry, suggesting they are produced in the natural environment as defensive compounds involved in the symbiotic interaction.

Antifungal compounds from Streptomyces associated with attine ants also inhibit Leishmania donovani