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Background  Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), caused by  Leishmania braziliensis , is the most important presentation of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) in Latin American. While the role of dogs as reservoirs of  Leishmania infantum , and the clinic features of canine visceral leishmanisis are well described, little is known about the importance of dogs in the transmission of  L .  braziliensis  to humans. In the present study, we determine the frequency of  L .  braziliensis  infection in dogs with cutaneous and mucosal ulcers in an endemic area of CL. We also describe the clinical manifestations and histopathologic features, and determine if the parasites isolated from dogs are genetically similar to those found in humans.    Methodology  This is a cross sectional study in which 61 dogs living in an endemic area of CL and presenting ulcerated lesions were evaluated. Detection of  L .  braziliensis  DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in skin biopsies, serology and leishmania skin test (LST) with soluble  L .  braziliensis  antigen were performed. The clinical and histopathologic features were described, and we compared the genotypic characteristics of isolates obtained from dogs and humans.    Principal findings  The sensitivity of the three tests together to detect exposure was 89% and the concordance between the tests was high. The skin lesions were most frequent in the ears, followed by scrotal sac. The PCR was positive in 41 (67%) of animals, and the lesions in the snout, followed by the scrotal sac and ears were the sites where parasite DNA was most detected. There were genotype  s imilarities between  L . braziliensis  isolates from dogs and humans.    Conclusions  The high frequency of  L .  braziliensis  infection in dogs with ulcers and the similarities between the isolates of  L .  braziliensis  and cutaneous leishmaniasis in dogs and humans in an endemic area of TL, raise the possibility of an important role of dogs in the transmission chain of  L .  braziliensis .

Clinical and histopathologic features of canine tegumentary leishmaniasis and the molecular characterization of Leishmania braziliensis in dogs