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We studied infection by Trypanosomatidae in bats captured in two areas with different degradation levels in the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro state: Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu (REGUA) and Estação Fiocruz Mata Atlântica (EFMA). Furthermore, we evaluated whether the diversity of trypanosomatids changes according to bat diversity and the different levels of preservation in the region. The results showed no influence of the level of preservation on bat species richness (15 and 14 species, respectively), with similar chiropterofauna and higher abundance of two common fruit-eating bat species in the tropics:  Carollia perspicillata  and  Artibeus lituratus . Of the 181 bat specimens analyzed by LIT/Schneider hemoculture, we detected 24 infected individuals (13%), including one positive  Sturnira lilium  individual that was also positive by fresh blood examination. Molecular characterization using nested PCR targeting the 18 SSU rRNA-encoding gene fragment showed similar trypanosomatid infection rates in bats from the two areas: 15% in REGUA and 11% in EFMA ( p  = 0.46).  Trypanosoma dionisii  was the most frequently detected parasite (54%), followed by  T .  cruzi  DTUs TcI and TcIV and  Trypanosoma  sp., in Neotropical phyllostomid bats (RNMO63 and RNMO56); mixed infections by  T .  dionisii / T .  cruzi  TcIII and  T .  dionisii / T .  cruzi  TcI were also observed. The  T .  cruzi  DTUs TcI and TcIV are the genotypes currently involved in cases of acute Chagas disease in Brazil, and  T .  dionisii  was recently found in the heart tissue of an infected child. Surprisingly, we also describe for the first time  Crithidia mellificae , a putative monoxenous parasite from insects, infecting a vertebrate host in the Americas. Bats from the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro state harbor a great diversity of trypanosomatids, maintaining trypanosomatid diversity in this sylvatic environment.

Isolation and characterization of trypanosomatids, including Crithidia mellificae, in bats from the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil