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Background   Leishmania  parasites are transmitted to vertebrate hosts by phlebotomine sandflies and, in humans, may cause tegumentary or visceral leishmaniasis. The role of PKR (dsRNA activated kinase) and Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) activation in the control of  Leishmania  infection highlights the importance of the engagement of RNA sensors, which are usually involved in the antiviral cell response, in the fate of parasitism by  Leishmania . We tested the hypothesis that  Phlebovirus , a subgroup of the  Bunyaviridae , transmitted by sandflies, would interfere with  Leishmania  infection.    Methodology/Principal findings  We tested two  Phlebovirus  isolates, Icoaraci and Pacui, from the rodents  Nectomys  sp. and  Oryzomys sp ., respectively, both natural sylvatic reservoir of  Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis  from the Amazon region. Phlebovirus coinfection with  L .  (L . ) amazonensis  in murine macrophages led to increased intracellular growth of  L .  (L . ) amazonensis . Further studies with Icoaraci coinfection revealed the requirement of the PKR/IFN1 axis on the exacerbation of the parasite infection.  L .  (L . ) amazonensis  and  Phlebovirus  coinfection potentiated PKR activation and synergistically induced the expression of IFNβ and IL-10. Importantly,  in vivo  coinfection of C57BL/6 mice corroborated the  in vitro  data. The exacerbation effect of RNA virus on parasite infection may be specific because coinfection with dengue virus (DENV2) exerted the opposite effect on parasite load.    Conclusions  Altogether, our data suggest that coinfections with specific RNA viruses shared by vectors or reservoirs of  Leishmania  may enhance and sustain the activation of host cellular RNA sensors, resulting in aggravation of the parasite infection. The present work highlights new perspectives for the investigation of antiviral pathways as important modulators of protozoan infections.

Amazonian Phlebovirus (Bunyaviridae) potentiates the infection of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis: Role of the PKR/IFN1/IL-10 axis