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Background  Identifying and eliminating snail habitats is the key measure for schistosomiasis control, critical for the nationwide strategy of eliminating schistosomiasis in China. Here, our aim was to construct a new analytical framework to predict high-risk snail habitats based on a large sample field survey for  Oncomelania hupensis , providing guidance for schistosomiasis control and prevention.    Methodology/Principal findings  Ten ecological models were constructed based on the occurrence data of  Oncomelania hupensis  and a range of variables in the Poyang Lake region of China, including four presence-only models (Maximum Entropy Models, Genetic Algorithm for rule-set Production, Bioclim and Domain) and six presence-absence models (Generalized Linear Models, Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines, Flexible Discriminant Analysis, as well as machine algorithmic models–Random Forest, Classification Tree Analysis, Generalized Boosted Model), to predict high-risk snail habitats. Based on overall predictive performance, we found Presence-absence models outperformed the presence-only models and the models based on machine learning algorithms of classification trees showed the highest accuracy. The highest risk was located in the watershed of the River Fu in Yugan County, as well as the watershed of the River Gan and the River Xiu in Xingzi County, covering an area of 52.3 km 2 . The other high-risk areas for both snail habitats and schistosomiasis were mainly concentrated at the confluence of Poyang Lake and its five main tributaries.    Conclusions/Significance  This study developed a new distribution map of snail habitats in the Poyang Lake region, and demonstrated the critical role of ecological models in risk assessment to directing local field investigation of  Oncomelania hupensis . Moreover, this study could also contribute to the development of effective strategies to prevent further spread of schistosomiasis from endemic areas to non-endemic areas.

plos neglected tropical diseases

Identification of high-risk habitats of Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host of schistosoma japonium in the Poyang Lake region, China: A spatial and ecological analysis