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Background  Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a neglected tropical disease caused by infections due to  Trypanosoma brucei  subspecies. In addition to the well-established environmental and behavioural risks of becoming infected, there is evidence for a genetic component to the response to trypanosome infection. We undertook a candidate gene case-control study to investigate genetic associations further.    Methodology  We genotyped one polymorphism in each of seven genes ( IL1A ,  IL1RN ,  IL4RN ,  IL6 ,  HP ,  HPR , and  HLA-G ) in 73 cases and 250 controls collected from 19 ethno-linguistic subgroups stratified into three major ethno-linguistic groups, 2 pooled ethno-linguistic groups and 11 ethno-linguistic subgroups from three Cameroonian HAT foci. The seven polymorphic loci tested consisted of three SNPs, three variable numbers of tandem repeat (VNTR) and one INDEL.    Results  We found that the genotype (TT) and minor allele (T) of  IL1A  gene as well as the genotype 1A3A of  IL1RN  were associated with an increased risk of getting  Trypanosoma brucei gambiense  and develop HAT when all data were analysed together and also when stratified by the three major ethno-linguistic groups, 2 pooled ethno-linguistic subgroups and 11 ethno-linguistic subgroups.    Conclusion  This study revealed that one SNP rs1800794 of  IL1A  and one VNTR rs2234663 of  IL1RN  were associated with the increased risk to be infected by  Trypanosoma brucei gambiense  and develop sleeping sickness in southern Cameroon. The minor allele T and the genotype TT of SNP rs1800794 in  IL1A  as well as the genotype 1A3A of  IL1RN  rs2234663 VNTR seem to increase the risk of getting  Trypanosoma brucei gambiense  infections and develop sleeping sickness in southern Cameroon.

Association between IL1 gene polymorphism and human African trypanosomiasis in populations of sleeping sickness foci of southern Cameroon