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Taenia solium  is known to cause human cysticercosis while  T .  saginata  does not. Comparative  in vitro  and  in vivo  studies on the oncosphere and the postoncospheral (PO) forms of  T .  solium  and  T .  saginata  may help to elucidate why cysticercosis can occur from one and not the other. The aim of this study was to use  in vitro  culture assays and  in vivo  models to study the differences in the development of the  T .  solium  and  T .  saginata  oncosphere. Furthermore, this study aimed to evaluate the expression of cytokines and metalloproteinases (MMPs) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which were stimulated by these oncospheres and PO antigens.  T .  solium  and  T .  saginata  activated oncospheres (AO) were cultured in INT-407 and HCT-8 intestinal cells for 180 days. The  T .  solium  began to die while the  T .  saginata  grew for 180 days and developed to cysticerci in INT-407 cells. Rats were inoculated intracranially with AO and PO forms of either  T .  saginata  or  T .  solium . Rats infected with  T .  solium  AO and PO forms developed neurocysticercosis (NCC), while those infected with the  T .  saginata  did not. Human PMBCs were stimulated with antigens of AO and PO forms of both species, and the production of cytokines and metalloproteinases (MMPs) was measured. The  T .  solium  AO antigen stimulated a higher production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IFN-γ, and IL-2 cytokines compared to  T .  saginata  AO. In the PO form, the  T .  saginata  PO antigen increased the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IL-12 cytokines compared to  T .  solium , suggesting that this global immune response stimulated by different forms could permit survival or destruction of the parasite depending of their life-cycle stage. Regarding MMPs,  T .  solium  AO antigen stimulated a higher production of MMP-9 compared to  T .  saginata  AO antigen, which may be responsible for altering the permeability of intestinal cells and facilitating breakdown of the blood-brain barrier during the process of invasion of host tissue.

In vitro model of postoncosphere development, and in vivo infection abilities of Taenia solium and Taenia saginata