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Arboviral diseases including dengue are increasingly spreading in the tropical/subtropical world including Africa. Updated knowledge on the distribution and abundance of the major vectors  Aedes aegypti  and  Aedes albopictus  constitutes crucial surveillance action to prepare African countries such as Cameroon for potential arbovirus outbreaks. Here, we present a nationwide survey in Cameroon to assess the current geographical distribution and prevalence of both vectors including a genetic diversity profiling of  Ae .  albopictus  (invasive species) using mitochondrial DNA.    Methods  Immature stages of  Aedes  were collected between March and August 2017 in 29 localities across Cameroon following north-south and east-west transects. Larvae and pupae were collected from several containers in each location, reared to adult and morphologically identified. Genetic diversity of  Ae .  albopictus  from 16 locations were analysed using Cytochrome Oxidase I gene (COI).    Results  In total, 30,381 immature stages of  Aedes  with an average of 646.40±414.21 per location were identified across the country comprising 69.3% of  Ae .  albopictus  and 30.7% of  Ae .  aegypti . Analysis revealed that  Ae .  aegypti  is still distributed nation widely whereas  Ae .  albopictus  is limited to the southern part, around 6°4’N. However,  Ae .  albopictus  is the most prevalent species in all southern locations where both species are sympatric except in Douala where  Ae .  aegypti  is predominant. This suggests that factors such as climate, vegetation, and building density impact the distribution of both species in Cameroon. Mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed a low genetic diversity in  Ae .  albopictus  populations with a major common haplotype resulting in low haplotype diversity ranging from 0.13 to 0.65 and 0.35 for the total sample. Similarly, low nucleotide diversity was also reported varying from 0.0000 to 0.0017 with an overall index of 0.0008. This low genetic polymorphism is consistent with the recent introduction of  Ae .  albopictus  in Cameroon.    Conclusion  This updated distribution of arbovirus vectors across Cameroon will help in planning vector control programme against possible outbreak of arbovirus related diseases in the country.

plos neglected tropical diseases

Update on the geographical distribution and prevalence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), two major arbovirus vectors in Cameroon