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Background   Trypanosoma evansi  is mechanically transmitted by biting flies and affects camels, equines, and other domestic and wild animals in which it causes a disease called surra. At least two types of  Trypanosoma evansi  circulate in Ethiopia: type A, which is present in Africa, Latin America and Asia, and type B, which is prevalent in Eastern Africa. Currently, no information is available about the drug sensitivity of any Ethiopian  T .  evansi  type.    Methodology/principal findings  This study was conducted with the objective of determining the  in vivo  drug sensitivity of two  T .  evansi  type A and two type B stocks that were isolated from camels from the Tigray and Afar regions of Northern Ethiopia. We investigated the efficacy of four trypanocidal drugs to cure  T .  evansi  infected mice: melarsamine hydrochloride (Cymelarsan), diminazene diaceturate (Veriben and Sequzene), isometamidium chloride (Veridium) and homidium chloride (Bovidium). Per experimental group, 6 mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with trypanosomes, treated at first peak parasitemia by daily drug injections for 4 consecutive days and followed-up for 60 days. Cymelarsan at 2 mg/kg and Veriben at 20 mg/kg cured all mice infected with any  T .  evansi  stock, while Sequzene at 20 mg/kg caused relapses in all  T .  evansi  stocks. In contrast, Veridium and Bovidium at 1 mg/kg failed to cure any  T .  evansi  infection in mice.    Conclusions/significance  We conclude that mice infected with Ethiopian  T .  evansi  can be cured with Cymelarsan and Veriben regardless of  T .  evansi  type. In contrast, Veridium and Bovidium are not efficacious to cure any  T .  evansi  type. Although innate resistance to phenanthridines was previously described for  T .  evansi  type A, this report is the first study to show that this phenomenom also occurs in  T .  evansi  type B infections.

Isometamidium chloride and homidium chloride fail to cure mice infected with Ethiopian Trypanosoma evansi type A and B