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Background  Yaws is a neglected tropical disease, caused by  Treponema pallidum  subsp.  pertenue . The disease causes chronic lesions, primarily in young children living in remote villages in tropical climates. As part of a global yaws eradication campaign initiated by the World Health Organization, we sought to develop and evaluate a molecular typing method to distinguish different strains of  T .  pallidum  subsp.  pertenue  for disease control and epidemiological purposes.    Methods and principal findings  Published genome sequences of strains of  T .  pallidum  subsp.  pertenue  and  pallidum  were compared to identify polymorphic genetic loci among the strains. DNA from a number of existing historical  Treponema  isolates, as well as a subset of samples from yaws patients collected in Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea, were analyzed using these targets. From these data, three genes ( tp0548 ,  tp0136  and  tp0326)  were ultimately selected to give a high discriminating capability among the  T .  pallidum  subsp.  pertenue  samples tested. Intragenic regions of these three target genes were then selected to enhance the discriminating capability of the typing scheme using short readily amplifiable loci. This 3-gene multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method was applied to existing historical human yaws strains, the Fribourg-Blanc simian isolate, and DNA from 194 lesion swabs from yaws patients on Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea. Among all samples tested, fourteen molecular types were identified, seven of which were found in patient samples and seven among historical isolates or DNA. Three types (JG8, TD6, and SE7) were predominant on Lihir Island.    Conclusions  This MLST approach allows molecular typing and differentiation of yaws strains. This method could be a useful tool to complement epidemiological studies in regions where  T .  pallidum  subsp.  pertenue  is prevalent with the overall goals of improving our understanding of yaws transmission dynamics and helping the yaws eradication campaign to succeed.

plos neglected tropical diseases

Development of a Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) scheme for Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue: Application to yaws in Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea