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West Nile virus (WNV) and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) are two emerging arboviruses transmitted by  Culex pipiens  species that includes two biotypes:  pipiens  and  molestus . In Lebanon, human cases caused by WNV and RVFV have never been reported. However, the introduction of these viruses in the country is likely to occur through the migratory birds and animal trades. In this study, we evaluated the ability of  Cx .  pipiens , a predominant mosquito species in urban and rural regions in Lebanon, to transmit WNV and RVFV.  Culex  egg rafts were collected in the West Bekaa district, east of Lebanon and adult females of  Cx .  pipiens  were experimentally infected with WNV and RVFV Clone 13 strain at titers of 1.6×10 8  and 1.33×10 7  plaque forming units (PFU)/mL, respectively. We estimated viral infection, dissemination and transmission at 3, 7, 14 and 19 days post infection (dpi). Results showed that infection was higher for WNV than for RVFV from 3 dpi to 19 dpi. Viral dissemination and transmission started from 3 dpi for WNV; and only from 19 dpi for RVFV. Moreover,  Cx .  pipiens  were able to excrete in saliva a higher number of viral particles of WNV (1028 ± 405 PFU/saliva at 19 dpi) than RVFV (42 PFU/saliva at 19 dpi).  Cx .  pipiens  from Lebanon are efficient experimental vectors of WNV and to a lower extent, RVFV. These findings should stimulate local authorities to establish an active entomological surveillance in addition to animal surveys for both viruses in the country.

Experimental transmission of West Nile Virus and Rift Valley Fever Virus by Culex pipiens from Lebanon