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Background  Although the central coast of the Ecuador is considered endemic for Chagas disease, few studies have focused on determining the risk of transmission in this region. In this study we describe the triatomine household infestation in Manabí province (Central Coast region), determine the rate of  Trypanosoma cruzi  infection and study the risk factors associated with infestation by  Rhodnius ecuadoriensis .    Methodology/Principal findings  An entomological survey found three triatomine species ( Rhodnius ecuadoriensis ,  Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus  and  P .  howardi ) infesting domiciles in 47.4% of the 78 communities visited (total infestation rate of 4.5%). Four percent of domiciles were infested, and nymphs were observed in 77% of those domiciles. The three species were found in altitudes below 500 masl and in all ecological zones except cloud forest. Within the domicile, we found the three species mostly in bedrooms.  Rhodnius ecuadoriensis  and  P .  rufotuberculatus  were abundant in bird nests, including chicken coops and  P .  howardi  associated with rats in piles of bricks, in the peridomicile. Triatomine infestation was characterized by high rates of colonization, especially in peridomicile. Flagelates infection was detected in only 12% of the samples by microscopy and  Trypanosoma cruzi  infection in 42% of the examined triatomines by PCR (n = 372). The most important risk factors for house infestation by  R .  ecuadoriensis  were ecological zone ( w  = 0.99) and presence of chickens ( w  = 0.96). Determinants of secondary importance were reporting no insecticide applications over the last twelve months ( w  = 0.86) and dirt floor (w = 0.70). On the other hand, wood as wall material was a protective factor ( w  = 0.85).    Conclusion/Significance  According the results, approximately 571,000 people would be at high risk for  T .  cruzi  infection in Manabí province. A multidisciplinary approximation and the adhesion to a periodic integrated vector management (IVM) program are essential to guarantee sustainable preventive and control strategies for Chagas disease in this region.

Distribution of triatomine species in domestic and peridomestic environments in central coastal Ecuador