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Proliferation of  Leishmania  ( L .) parasites depends on polyamine availability, which can be generated by the L-arginine catabolism and the enzymatic activity of arginase (ARG) of the parasites and of the mammalian hosts. In the present study, we characterized and compared the arginase ( arg ) genes from pathogenic  L .  major  and  L .  tropica  and from non-pathogenic  L .  tarentolae . We quantified the level of the ARG activity in promastigotes and macrophages infected with pathogenic  L .  major  and  L .  tropica  and non-pathogenic  L .  tarentolae  amastigotes. The ARG's amino acid sequences of the pathogenic and non-pathogenic  Leishmania  demonstrated virtually 98.6% and 88% identities with the reference  L .  major  Friedlin ARG. Higher ARG activity was observed in all pathogenic promastigotes as compared to non-pathogenic  L .  tarentolae .  In vitro  infection of human macrophage cell line (THP1) with pathogenic and non-pathogenic  Leishmania  spp. resulted in increased ARG activities in the infected macrophages. The ARG activities present  in vivo  were assessed in susceptible BALB/c and resistant C57BL/6 mice infected with  L .  major ,  L .  tropica  and  L .  tarentolae . We demonstrated that during the development of the infection, ARG is induced in both strains of mice infected with pathogenic  Leishmania . However, in  L .  major  infected BALB/c mice, the induction of ARG and parasite load increased simultaneously according to the time course of infection, whereas in C57BL/6 mice, the enzyme is upregulated solely during the period of footpad swelling. In  L .  tropica  infected mice, the footpads' swellings were slow to develop and demonstrated minimal cutaneous pathology and ARG activity. In contrast, ARG activity was undetectable in mice inoculated with the non-pathogenic  L .  tarentolae . Our data suggest that infection by  Leishmania  parasites can increase ARG activity of the host and provides essential polyamines for parasite salvage and its replication. Moreover, the ARG of  Leishmania  is vital for parasite proliferation and required for infection in mice. ARG activity can be used as one of the main marker of the disease severity.

Arginase activity in pathogenic and non-pathogenic species of Leishmania parasites