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Background  Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is expressed in lesions of patients with American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL), but its precise role in the disease remains unknown.    Methodology/Principal findings  In the present study, silencing and overexpression of IL-32 was performed in THP-1-derived macrophages infected with  Leishmania  ( Viannia )  braziliensis or L . ( Leishmania )  amazonensis  to investigate the role of IL-32 in infection. We report that  Leishmania  species induces IL-32γ, and show that intracellular IL-32γ protein production is dependent on endogenous TNFα. Silencing or overexpression of IL-32 demonstrated that this cytokine is closely related to TNFα and IL-8. Remarkably, the infection index was augmented in the absence of IL-32 and decreased in cells overexpressing this cytokine. Mechanistically, these effects can be explained by nitric oxide cathelicidin and β-defensin 2 production regulated by IL-32.    Conclusions  Thus, endogenous IL-32 is a crucial cytokine involved in the host defense against  Leishmania  parasites.

Cytokines and microbicidal molecules regulated by IL-32 in THP-1-derived human macrophages infected with New World Leishmania species