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Background  Among the Reduviidae family, triatomines are giant blood-sucking bugs. They are well known in Central and South America where they transmit  Trypanosoma cruzi  to mammals, including humans, through their feces. This parasitic protozoan is the causative agent of Chagas disease, a major public health issue in endemic areas. Because of the medical and economic impact of Chagas disease, the presence of other arthropod-borne pathogens in triatomines was rarely investigated.    Methodology/Principal findings  In this study, seven triatomines species involved in the transmission of  T .  cruzi  were molecularly screened for the presence of known pathogens generally associated with arthropods, such as  Rickettsia ,  Bartonella ,  Anaplasmataceae ,  Borrelia  species and  Coxiella burnetii . Of all included triatomine species, only  Eratyrus mucronatus  specimens tested positive for  Bartonella  species for 56% of tested samples. A new genotype of  Bartonella  spp. was detected in 13/23  Eratyrus mucronatus  specimens, an important vector of  T .  cruzi  to humans. This bacterium was further characterized by sequencing fragments of the  ftsZ ,  gltA  and  rpoB  genes. Depending on the targeted gene, this agent shares 84% to 91% of identity with  B .  bacilliformis , the agent of Carrion’s disease, a deadly sandfly-borne infectious disease endemic in South America. It is also closely related to animal pathogens such as  B .  bovis and B .  chomelii .    Conclusions  As  E .  mucronatus  is an invasive species that occasionally feeds on humans, the presence of potentially pathogenic  Bartonella -infected bugs could present another risk for human health, along with the  T .  cruzi  issue.

Detection of a Potential New Bartonella Species “Candidatus Bartonella rondoniensis” in Human Biting Kissing Bugs (Reduviidae; Triatominae)