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Background  Sand fly saliva has been shown to have proteins with potent biological activities, salivary proteins that can be used as biomarkers of vector exposure, and salivary proteins that are candidate vaccines against different forms of leishmaniasis. Sand fly salivary gland transcriptomic approach has contributed significantly to the identification and characterization of many of these salivary proteins from important  Leishmania  vectors; however, sand fly vectors in some regions of the world are still neglected, as  Bichromomyia olmeca  (formerly known as  Lutzomyia olmeca olmeca ), a proven vector of  Leishmania mexicana  in Mexico and Central America. Despite the importance of this vector in transmitting  Leishmania  parasite in Mesoamerica there is no information on the repertoire of  B .  olmeca  salivary proteins and their relationship to salivary proteins from other sand fly species.    Methods and Findings  A cDNA library of the salivary glands of wild-caught  B .  olmeca  was constructed, sequenced, and analyzed. We identified transcripts encoding for novel salivary proteins from this sand fly species and performed a comparative analysis between  B .  olmeca  salivary proteins and those from other sand fly species. With this new information we present an updated catalog of the salivary proteins specific to New World sand flies and salivary proteins common to all sand fly species. We also report in this work the anti-Factor Xa activity of Lofaxin, a salivary anticoagulant protein present in this sand fly species.    Conclusions  This study provides information on the first transcriptome of a sand fly from Mesoamerica and adds information to the limited repertoire of salivary transcriptomes from the Americas. This comparative analysis also shows a fast degree of evolution in salivary proteins from New World sand flies as compared with Old World sand flies.

plos neglected tropical diseases

Molecular Diversity between Salivary Proteins from New World and Old World Sand Flies with Emphasis on Bichromomyia olmeca, the Sand Fly Vector of Leishmania mexicana in Mesoamerica