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An epidemiological study of leishmaniasis was performed in Amazonian areas of Ecuador since little information on the prevalent  Leishmania  and sand fly species responsible for the transmission is available. Of 33 clinical specimens from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), causative parasites were identified in 25 samples based on cytochrome  b  gene analysis. As reported previously,  Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis  and  L .  (V . ) braziliensis  were among the causative agents identified. In addition,  L .  (V . ) lainsoni , for which infection is reported in Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Suriname, and French Guiana, was identified in patients with CL from geographically separate areas in the Ecuadorian Amazon, corroborating the notion that  L .  (V . ) lainsoni  is widely distributed in South America. Sand flies were surveyed around the area where a patient with  L .  (V . ) lainsoni  was suspected to have been infected. However, natural infection of sand flies by  L .  (V . ) lainsoni  was not detected. Further extensive vector searches are necessary to define the transmission cycle of  L .  (V . ) lainsoni  in Ecuador.

First Human Cases of Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni Infection and a Search for the Vector Sand Flies in Ecuador