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Background  Brucellosis and coxiellosis are known to be endemic in ruminant populations throughout Afghanistan, but information about their prevalence and factors that affect prevalence in householders and livestock under diverse husbandry systems and pastoral settings is sparse.    Methods/Principal Findings  We conducted a cross-sectional survey to investigate the seroprevalence of brucellosis and  Coxiella burnetii  in humans and livestock in six secure districts in Herat from 26 th  December 2012–17 th  January 2013. A total of 204 households with livestock were surveyed in six Kuchi and five sedentary type villages. Blood samples from 1,017 humans, 1,143 sheep, 876 goats and 344 cattle were tested for brucellosis and Q fever. About one in six households (15.7%) had at least one  Brucella  seropositive person, about one in eight households (12.3%) had at least one  Brucella  seropositive animal and about one in four (24.5%) had either seropositive animals or humans. Ninety-seven percent of households had at least one  C .  burnetii  seropositive person and 98.5% of households had one or more  C .  burnetii  seropositive animals. Forty- seven householders had serological evidence of exposure to both  C .  burnetii  and  Brucella  and eight animals were serologically positive for both diseases. Drinking unpasteurised milk (OR 1.6), treating animals for ticks (OR 1.4), milking sheep (OR 1.4), male gender (OR 1.4) and seropositivity to  Brucella  (OR 4.3) were identified as risk factors for seropositivity to  C .  burnetii  in householders. Household factors associated with households having either  Brucella  seropositive animals or humans were Kuchi households (OR 2.5), having ≤4 rooms in the house (OR 2.9) and not owning land (OR 2.9).    Conclusions  The results from this study provide baseline information for the planning and monitoring of future interventions against these diseases. The implementation of this study greatly improved collaboration, coordination and capability of veterinary and public health professionals from government, NGOs and donor funded projects.

plos neglected tropical diseases

Brucellosis and Coxiella burnetii Infection in Householders and Their Animals in Secure Villages in Herat Province, Afghanistan: A Cross-Sectional Study