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Several rodent-associated  Bartonella  species are human pathogens but little is known about their epidemiology. We trapped rodents and shrews around human habitations at two sites in Kenya (rural Asembo and urban Kibera) to determine the prevalence of  Bartonella  infection.  Bartonella  were detected by culture in five of seven host species. In Kibera, 60% of  Rattus rattus  were positive, as compared to 13% in Asembo.  Bartonella  were also detected in  C .  olivieri  (7%),  Lemniscomys striatus  (50%),  Mastomys natalensis  (43%) and  R .  norvegicus  (50%). Partial sequencing of the citrate synthase (gltA) gene of isolates showed that Kibera strains were similar to reference isolates from  Rattus  trapped in Asia, America, and Europe, but that most strains from Asembo were less similar. Host species and trapping location were associated with differences in infection status but there was no evidence of associations between host age or sex and infection status. Acute febrile illness occurs at high incidence in both Asembo and Kibera but the etiology of many of these illnesses is unknown.  Bartonella  similar to known human pathogens were detected in small mammals at both sites and investigation of the ecological determinants of host infection status and of the public health significance of  Bartonella  infections at these locations is warranted.

Prevalence and Diversity of Small Mammal-Associated Bartonella Species in Rural and Urban Kenya