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Little is known about the presence/absence and prevalence of  Rickettsia  spp,  Bartonella  spp. and  Yersinia pestis  in domestic and urban flea populations in tropical and subtropical African countries.    Methodology/Principal findings  Fleas collected in Benin, the United Republic of Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of the Congo were investigated for the presence and identity of  Rickettsia  spp.,  Bartonella  spp. and  Yersinia pestis  using two qPCR systems or qPCR and standard PCR. In  Xenopsylla cheopis  fleas collected from Cotonou (Benin),  Rickettsia typhi  was detected in 1% (2/199), and an uncultured  Bartonella sp . was detected in 34.7% (69/199). In the Lushoto district (United Republic of Tanzania),  R. typhi  DNA was detected in 10% (2/20) of  Xenopsylla brasiliensis , and  Rickettsia felis  was detected in 65% (13/20) of  Ctenocephalides felis strongylus , 71.4% (5/7) of  Ctenocephalides canis  and 25% (5/20) of  Ctenophthalmus calceatus calceatus . In the Democratic Republic of the Congo,  R. felis  was detected in 56.5% (13/23) of  Ct. f. felis  from Kinshasa, in 26.3% (10/38) of  Ct. f. felis  and 9% (1/11) of  Leptopsylla aethiopica aethiopica  from Ituri district and in 19.2% (5/26) of  Ct. f. strongylus  and 4.7% (1/21) of  Echidnophaga gallinacea .  Bartonella sp . was also detected in 36.3% (4/11) of  L. a. aethiopica . Finally, in Ituri,  Y. pestis  DNA was detected in 3.8% (1/26) of  Ct. f. strongylus  and 10% (3/30) of  Pulex irritans  from the villages of Wanyale and Zaa.    Conclusion  Most flea-borne infections are neglected diseases which should be monitored systematically in domestic rural and urban human populations to assess their epidemiological and clinical relevance. Finally, the presence of  Y. pestis  DNA in fleas captured in households was unexpected and raises a series of questions regarding the role of free fleas in the transmission of plague in rural Africa, especially in remote areas where the flea density in houses is high.

Detection of Rickettsia felis, Rickettsia typhi, Bartonella Species and Yersinia pestis in Fleas (Siphonaptera) from Africa