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Background  Toxocarosis is a widespread zoonosis caused by the ascarid nematodes  Toxocara canis  and  Toxocara cati , which primarily infect dogs and cats, respectively. Most human infections with  Toxocara  are asymptomatic; however, some infected individuals may develop a serious illness and even death. Nevertheless, epidemiological knowledge regarding the prevalence and risks associated with  Toxocara  infection is limited in China. Therefore, we performed a cross-sectional pilot study and estimated the seroprevalence of  Toxocara  infection in humans in Shandong Province, eastern China for the first time, from June 2011 to July 2013, involving clinically healthy individuals, pregnant women and psychiatric patients, aiming to attract public attention to  Toxocara  infection.    Methodology/Principle Findings  Seroprevalence of  Toxocara  was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on a cross-sectional study conducted in Qingdao and Weihai, Shandong Province, eastern China. Factors potentially associated with  Toxocara  infection were identified by logistic regression analysis. The overall  Toxocara  seroprevalence among the study population (n = 2866) was 12.25%, and a significantly higher seroprevalence in psychiatric patients (16.40%, 73/445) than that in clinically healthy individuals (13.07%, 187/1431) and pregnant women (9.19%, 91/990) was revealed. Univariate analyses suggested that keeping dogs at home (OR = 0.06, 95% CI 0.05–0.08,  P <0.001), contact with cats and dogs (OR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.33–0.53,  P <0.001) and exposure with soil (OR = 0.37, 95% CI 0.28–0.49,  P <0.001) were risk factors associated with  Toxocara  infection.    Conclusions/Significance  The present study revealed, for the first time, that human infection with  Toxocara  is common in eastern China, posing a significant public health concern. Increasing human and dog populations, population movements and climate change all will serve to increase the importance of this zoonosis. Further studies under controlled conditions are necessary to define potential morbidity associated with  Toxocara  infection.

plos neglected tropical diseases

Toxocara Seroprevalence among Clinically Healthy Individuals, Pregnant Women and Psychiatric Patients and Associated Risk Factors in Shandong Province, Eastern China