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Background    Leishmania major  and an uncharacterized species have been reported from human patients in a cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) outbreak area in Ghana. Reports from the area indicate the presence of anthropophilic  Sergentomyia  species that were found with  Leishmania  DNA.    Methodology/Principal Findings  In this study, we analyzed the  Leishmania  DNA positive sand fly pools by PCR-RFLP and ITS1 gene sequencing. The trypanosome was determined using the SSU rRNA gene sequence. We observed DNA of  L. major ,  L. tropica  and  Trypanosoma  species to be associated with the sand fly infections. This study provides the first detection of  L. tropica  DNA and  Trypanosoma  species as well as the confirmation of  L. major  DNA within  Sergentomyia  sand flies in Ghana and suggests that  S. ingrami  and  S. hamoni  are possible vectors of CL in the study area.    Conclusions/Significance  The detection of  L. tropica  DNA in this CL focus is a novel finding in Ghana as well as West Africa. In addition, the unexpected infection of  Trypanosoma  DNA within  S. africana africana  indicates that more attention is necessary when identifying parasitic organisms by PCR within sand fly vectors in Ghana and other areas where leishmaniasis is endemic.

plos neglected tropical diseases

First Detection of Leishmania tropica DNA and Trypanosoma Species in Sergentomyia Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from an Outbreak Area of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Ghana