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Bartonellae are emerging vector-borne pathogens infecting erythrocytes and endothelial cells of various domestic and wild mammals. Blood samples were collected from domestic and wild canids in Iraq under the United States Army zoonotic disease surveillance program. Serology was performed using an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test for  B. henselae ,  B. clarridgeiae ,  B. vinsonii  subsp.  berkhoffii  and  B. bovis . Overall seroprevalence was 47.4% in dogs (n = 97), 40.4% in jackals (n = 57) and 12.8% in red foxes (n = 39).  Bartonella  species DNA was amplified from whole blood and representative strains were sequenced. DNA of a new  Bartonella  species similar to but distinct from  B. bovis , was amplified from 37.1% of the dogs and 12.3% of the jackals.  B. vinsonii  subsp.  berkhoffii  was also amplified from one jackal and no  Bartonella  DNA was amplified from foxes. Adjusting for age, the odds of dogs being  Bartonella  PCR positive were 11.94 times higher than for wild canids (95% CI: 4.55–31.35), suggesting their role as reservoir for this new  Bartonella  species. This study reports on the prevalence of  Bartonella  species in domestic and wild canids of Iraq and provides the first detection of  Bartonella  in jackals. We propose  Candidatus  Bartonella merieuxii for this new  Bartonella  species. Most of the  Bartonella  species identified in sick dogs are also pathogenic for humans. Therefore, seroprevalence in Iraqi dog owners and bacteremia in Iraqi people with unexplained fever or culture negative endocarditis requires further investigation as well as in United States military personnel who were stationed in Iraq. Finally, it will also be essential to test any dog brought back from Iraq to the USA for presence of  Bartonella  bacteremia to prevent any accidental introduction of a new  Bartonella  species to the New World.

Candidatus Bartonella merieuxii, a Potential New Zoonotic Bartonella Species in Canids from Iraq