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Background  Preventive chemotherapy against schistosomiasis has been implemented since 2005 in Mali, targeting school-age children and adults at high risk. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2010 to evaluate the impact of repeated treatment among school-age children in the highly-endemic region of Segou.    Methodology/Principal Findings  The survey was conducted in six sentinel schools in three highly-endemic districts, and 640 school children aged 7–14 years were examined. Infections with  Schistosoma haematobium  and  S. mansoni  were diagnosed with the urine filtration and the Kato-Katz method respectively. Overall prevalence of  S. haematobium  infection was 61.7%, a significant reduction of 30% from the baseline in 2004 (p<0.01), while overall prevalence of  S. mansoni  infection was 12.7% which was not significantly different from the baseline. Overall mean intensity of  S. haematobium  and  S. mansoni  infection was 180.4 eggs/10 ml of urine and 88.2 epg in 2004 respectively. These were reduced to 33.2 eggs/10 ml of urine and 43.2 epg in 2010 respectively, a significant reduction of 81.6% and 51% (p<0.001). The proportion of heavy  S. haematobium  infections was reduced from 48.8% in 2004 to 13.8% in 2010, and the proportion of moderate and heavy  S. mansoni  infection was reduced from 15.6% in 2004 to 9.4% in 2010, both significantly (p<0.01). Mathematical modelling suggests that the observed results were in line with the expected changes.    Conclusions/Significance  Significant reduction in intensity of infection on both infections and modest but significant reduction in  S. haematobium  prevalence were achieved in highly-endemic Segou region after repeated chemotherapy. However, persistent prevalence of both infections and relatively high level of intensity of  S. mansoni  infection suggest that more intensified control measures be implemented in order to achieve the goal of schistosomiasis elimination. In addition, closer monitoring and evaluation activities are needed in the programme to monitor the drug tolerance and to adjust treatment focus.

Significantly Reduced Intensity of Infection but Persistent Prevalence of Schistosomiasis in a Highly Endemic Region in Mali after Repeated Treatment