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Leishmania infantum  (syn.  L. chagasi ) is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the New World (NW) with endemic regions extending from southern USA to northern Argentina. The two hypotheses about the origin of VL in the NW suggest (1) recent importation of  L. infantum  from the Old World (OW), or (2) an indigenous origin and a distinct taxonomic rank for the NW parasite. Multilocus microsatellite typing was applied in a survey of 98  L. infantum  isolates from different NW foci. The microsatellite profiles obtained were compared to those of 308  L. infantum  and 20  L. donovani  strains from OW countries previously assigned to well-defined populations. Two main populations were identified for both NW and OW  L. infantum . Most of the NW strains belonged to population 1, which corresponded to the OW MON-1 population. However, the NW population was much more homogeneous. A second, more heterogeneous, population comprised most Caribbean strains and corresponded to the OW non-MON-1 population. All Brazilian  L. infantum  strains belonged to population 1, although they represented 61% of the sample and originated from 9 states. Population analysis including the OW  L. infantum  populations indicated that the NW strains were more similar to MON-1 and non-MON-1 sub-populations of  L. infantum  from southwest Europe, than to any other OW sub-population. Moreover, similarity between NW and Southwest European  L. infantum  was higher than between OW  L. infantum  from distinct parts of the Mediterranean region, Middle East and Central Asia. No correlation was found between NW  L. infantum  genotypes and clinical picture or host background. This study represents the first continent-wide analysis of NW  L. infantum  population structure. It confirmed that the agent of VL in the NW is  L. infantum  and that the parasite has been recently imported multiple times to the NW from southwest Europe.

Comparative Microsatellite Typing of New World Leishmania infantum Reveals Low Heterogeneity among Populations and Its Recent Old World Origin