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The importance of the genus  Thrichomys  in the retention of infection and transmission of  Leishmania  species is supported by previous studies that describe an ancient interaction between caviomorphs and trypanosomatids and report the natural infection of  Thrichomys  spp. Moreover, these rodents are widely dispersed in Brazil and recognized as important hosts of other tripanosomatids. Our main purpose was to evaluate the putative role of  Thrichomys laurentius  in the retention of infection and amplification of the transmission cycle of  Leishmania infantum  and  L. braziliensis . Male and female  T. laurentius  (n = 24) born in captivity were evaluated for the retention of infection with these  Leishmania  species and followed up by parasitological, serological, hematological, biochemical, histological, and molecular assays for 3, 6, 9, or 12 months post infection (mpi).  T. laurentius  showed its competence as maintenance host for the two inoculated  Leishmania  species. Four aspects should be highlighted: (i) re-isolation of parasites 12 mpi; (ii) the low parasitic burden displayed by  T. laurentius  tissues; (iii) the early onset and maintenance of humoral response, and (iv) the similar pattern of infection by the two  Leishmania  species. Both  Leishmania  species demonstrated the ability to invade and maintain itself in viscera and skin of  T. laurentius , and no rodent displayed any lesion, histological changes, or clinical evidence of infection. We also wish to point out the irrelevance of the adjective dermotropic or viscerotropic to qualify  L. braziliensis  and  L. infantum , respectively, when these species are hosted by nonhuman hosts. Our data suggest that  T. laurentius  may act at least as a maintenance host of both tested  Leishmania  species since it maintained long-lasting infections. Moreover, it cannot be discarded that  Leishmania  spp. infection in free-ranging  T. laurentius  could result in higher parasite burden due the more stressing conditions in the wild. Therefore the tissular parasitism of the skin, infectiveness to the vector, and amplification of the transmission cycle of both  Leishmania  species could be expected.

Thrichomys laurentius (Rodentia; Echimyidae) as a Putative Reservoir of Leishmania infantum and L. braziliensis: Patterns of Experimental Infection