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Background  Among Chagas disease triatomine vectors, the largest genus,  Triatoma , includes species of high public health interest.  Triatoma dimidiata , the main vector throughout Central America and up to Ecuador, presents extensive phenotypic, genotypic, and behavioral diversity in sylvatic, peridomestic and domestic habitats, and non-domiciliated populations acting as reinfestation sources. DNA sequence analyses, phylogenetic reconstruction methods, and genetic variation approaches are combined to investigate the haplotype profiling, genetic polymorphism, phylogeography, and evolutionary trends of  T. dimidiata  and its closest relatives within  Triatoma . This is the largest interpopulational analysis performed on a triatomine species so far.    Methodology and Findings  Triatomines from Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Cuba, Colombia, Ecuador, and Brazil were used.  Triatoma dimidiata  populations follow different evolutionary divergences in which geographical isolation appears to have had an important influence. A southern Mexican–northern Guatemalan ancestral form gave rise to two main clades. One clade remained confined to the Yucatan peninsula and northern parts of Chiapas State, Guatemala, and Honduras, with extant descendants deserving specific status. Within the second clade, extant subspecies diversity was shaped by adaptive radiation derived from Guatemalan ancestral populations. Central American populations correspond to subspecies  T. d. dimidiata . A southern spread into Panama and Colombia gave the  T. d. capitata  forms, and a northwestern spread rising from Guatemala into Mexico gave the  T. d. maculipennis  forms.  Triatoma hegneri  appears as a subspecific insular form.    Conclusions  The comparison with very numerous  Triatoma  species allows us to reach highly supported conclusions not only about  T. dimidiata , but also on different, important  Triatoma  species groupings and their evolution. The very large intraspecific genetic variability found in  T. dimidiata sensu lato  has never been detected in a triatomine species before. The distinction between the five different taxa furnishes a new frame for future analyses of the different vector transmission capacities and epidemiological characteristics of Chagas disease. Results indicate that  T. dimidiata  will offer problems for control, although dwelling insecticide spraying might be successful against introduced populations in Ecuador.

plos neglected tropical diseases

Phylogeography and Genetic Variation of Triatoma dimidiata, the Main Chagas Disease Vector in Central America, and Its Position within the Genus Triatoma