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Bacterial virulence factors facilitate host colonization and set the stage for the evolution of parasitic and mutualistic interactions. The  Sodalis- allied clade of bacteria exhibit striking diversity in the range of both plant and animal feeding insects they inhabit, suggesting the appropriation of universal molecular mechanisms that facilitate establishment. Here, we report on the infection of the tsetse fly by free-living  Sodalis praecaptivus , a close relative of many  Sodalis- allied symbionts. Key genes involved in quorum sensing, including the homoserine lactone synthase ( ypeI ) and response regulators ( yenR  and  ypeR ) are integral for the benign colonization of  S .  praecaptivus . Mutants lacking  ypeI ,  yenR  and  ypeR  compromised tsetse survival as a consequence of their inability to repress virulence. Genes under quorum sensing, including homologs of the binary insecticidal toxin PirAB and a putative symbiosis-promoting factor CpmAJ, demonstrated negative and positive impacts, respectively, on tsetse survival. Taken together with results obtained from experiments involving weevils, this work shows that quorum sensing virulence suppression plays an integral role in facilitating the establishment of  Sodalis -allied symbionts in diverse insect hosts. This knowledge contributes to the understanding of the early evolutionary steps involved in the formation of insect-bacterial symbiosis. Further, despite having no established history of interaction with tsetse,  S .  praecaptivus  can infect reproductive tissues, enabling vertical transmission through adenotrophic viviparity within a single host generation. This creates an option for the use of  S .  praecaptivus  in the biocontrol of insect disease vectors via paratransgenesis.

Quorum sensing sets the stage for the establishment and vertical transmission of Sodalis praecaptivus in tsetse flies