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The precise control of eye size is essential for normal vision.  TMEM98  is a highly conserved and widely expressed gene which appears to be involved in eye size regulation. Mutations in human  TMEM98  are found in patients with nanophthalmos (very small eyes) and variants near the gene are associated in population studies with myopia and increased eye size. As complete loss of function mutations in mouse  Tmem98  result in perinatal lethality, we produced mice deficient for  Tmem98  in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), where  Tmem98  is highly expressed. These mice have greatly enlarged eyes that are very fragile with very thin retinas, compressed choroid and thin sclera. To gain insight into the mechanism of action we used a proximity labelling approach to discover interacting proteins and identified MYRF as an interacting partner. Mutations of  MYRF  are also associated with nanophthalmos. The protein is an endoplasmic reticulum-tethered transcription factor which undergoes autoproteolytic cleavage to liberate the N-terminal part which then translocates to the nucleus where it acts as a transcription factor. We find that TMEM98 inhibits the self-cleavage of MYRF, in a novel regulatory mechanism. In RPE lacking TMEM98, MYRF is ectopically activated and abnormally localised to the nuclei. Our findings highlight the importance of the interplay between TMEM98 and MYRF in determining the size of the eye.

The nanophthalmos protein TMEM98 inhibits MYRF self-cleavage and is required for eye size specification