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Tissue morphogenesis critically depends on the coordination of cellular growth patterns. In plants, many organs consist of clonally distinct cell layers, such as the epidermis, whose cells undergo divisions that are oriented along the plane of the layer. The developmental control of such planar growth is poorly understood. We have previously identified the Arabidopsis AGCVIII-class protein kinase UNICORN (UCN) as a central regulator of this process. Plants lacking  UCN  activity show spontaneous formation of ectopic multicellular protrusions in integuments and malformed petals indicating that  UCN  suppresses uncontrolled growth in those tissues. In the current model UCN regulates planar growth of integuments in part by directly repressing the putative transcription factor ABERRANT TESTA SHAPE (ATS). Here we report on the identification of  3-PHOSPHOINOSITIDE-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE 1  ( PDK1 ) as a novel factor involved in  UCN -mediated growth control. PDK1 constitutes a basic component of signaling mediated by AGC protein kinases throughout eukaryotes. Arabidopsis  PDK1  is implied in stress responses and growth promotion. Here we show that loss-of-function mutations in  PDK1  suppress aberrant growth in integuments and petals of  ucn  mutants. Additional genetic, in vitro, and cell biological data support the view that UCN functions by repressing PDK1. Furthermore, our data indicate that  PDK1  is indirectly required for deregulated growth caused by  ATS  overexpression. Our findings support a model proposing that UCN suppresses ectopic growth in integuments through two independent processes: the attenuation of the protein kinase PDK1 in the cytoplasm and the repression of the transcription factor ATS in the nucleus.

The AGC protein kinase UNICORN controls planar growth by attenuating PDK1 in Arabidopsis thaliana