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Wheat stem rust, caused by  Puccinia graminis  f. sp.  tritici  ( Pgt ), is a devastating foliar disease. The Ug99 race group has combined virulence to most stem rust ( Sr ) resistance genes deployed in wheat and is a threat to global wheat production. Here we identified a coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein (NLR) completely linked to the Ug99 resistance gene  Sr21  from  Triticum monococcum . Loss-of-function mutations and transgenic complementation confirmed that this gene is  Sr21 .  Sr21  transcripts were significantly higher at high temperatures, and this was associated with significant upregulation of pathogenesis related ( PR ) genes and increased levels of resistance at those temperatures. Introgression of  Sr21  into hexaploid wheat resulted in lower levels of resistance than in diploid wheat, but transgenic hexaploid wheat lines with high levels of  Sr21  expression showed high levels of resistance.  Sr21  can be a valuable component of transgenic cassettes or gene pyramids combining multiple resistance genes against Ug99.

Identification and characterization of wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr21 effective against the Ug99 race group at high temperature