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In  Bombyx mori  ( B .  mori ),  Fem  piRNA originates from the W chromosome and is responsible for femaleness. The  Fem  piRNA-PIWI complex targets and cleaves mRNAs transcribed from the  Masc  gene.  Masc  encodes a novel CCCH type zinc-finger protein and is required for male-specific splicing of  B .  mori doublesex  ( Bmdsx ) transcripts. In the present study, several silkworm strains carrying a transgene, which encodes a  Fem  piRNA-resistant  Masc  mRNA ( Masc-R ), were generated. Forced expression of the  Masc-R  transgene caused female-specific lethality during the larval stages. One of the  Masc-R  strains weakly expressed  Masc-R  in various tissues. Females heterozygous for the transgene expressed male-specific isoform of the  Bombyx  homolog of insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein ( Imp   M  ) and  Bmdsx . All examined females showed a lower inducibility of vitellogenin synthesis and exhibited abnormalities in the ovaries. Testis-like tissues were observed in abnormal ovaries and, notably, the tissues contained considerable numbers of sperm bundles. Homozygous expression of the transgene resulted in formation of the male-specific abdominal segment in adult females and caused partial male differentiation in female genitalia. These results strongly suggest that  Masc  is an important regulatory gene of maleness in  B .  mori .

plos genetics

Transgenic Expression of the piRNA-Resistant Masculinizer Gene Induces Female-Specific Lethality and Partial Female-to-Male Sex Reversal in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori