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It has been demonstrated that  Terminal Flowering 1  ( TFL1 ) in Arabidopsis and its functional orthologs in other plants specify indeterminate stem growth through their specific expression that represses floral identity genes in shoot apical meristems (SAMs), and that the loss-of-function mutations at these functional counterparts result in the transition of SAMs from the vegetative to reproductive state that is essential for initiation of terminal flowering and thus formation of determinate stems. However, little is known regarding how semi-determinate stems, which produce terminal racemes similar to those observed in determinate plants, are specified in any flowering plants. Here we show that semi-determinacy in soybean is modulated by transcriptional repression of  Dt1 , the functional ortholog of  TFL1 , in SAMs. Such repression is fulfilled by recently enabled spatiotemporal expression of  Dt2 , an ancestral form of the  APETALA1/FRUITFULL  orthologs, which encodes a MADS-box factor directly binding to the regulatory sequence of  Dt1 . In addition,  Dt2  triggers co-expression of the putative  SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1  ( GmSOC1 ) in SAMs, where GmSOC1 interacts with Dt2, and also directly binds to the  Dt1  regulatory sequence. Heterologous expression of  Dt2  and  Dt1  in determinate ( tfl1 )  Arabidopsis  mutants enables creation of semi-determinacy, but the same forms of the two genes in the  tfl1  and  soc1  background produce indeterminate stems, suggesting that  Dt2  and  SOC1  both are essential for transcriptional repression of  Dt1 . Nevertheless, the expression of  Dt2  is unable to repress  TFL1  in Arabidopsis, further demonstrating the evolutionary novelty of the regulatory mechanism underlying stem growth in soybean.

Innovation of a Regulatory Mechanism Modulating Semi-determinate Stem Growth through Artificial Selection in Soybean